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PHẦN I: THÂM CUNG BÍ SỬ ĐẠI DỰ ÁN JUNIN 2 – VENEZUELA

Thanh Hieu Bui

1. QUÁ TRÌNH HÌNH THÀNH DỰ ÁN

Trong chính sách đối ngoại, Venezuela chủ trương mở rộng quan hệ hợp tác với các nước trên tinh thần đề cao độc lập và chủ quyền dân tộc, chống cường quyền; đề cao tinh thần đoàn kết, hợp tác và liên kết Mỹ Latinh – Caribe, đặc biệt tăng cường quan hệ hợp tác chiến lược với Cuba vì mục tiêu xóa đói giảm nghèo, bất công và bóc lột. Vị thế của Venezuela ngày càng được nâng cao trong khu vực và trên trường quốc tế.

Quan hệ hữu nghị và hợp tác nhiều mặt giữa Việt Nam – Venezuela thời gian qua có những bước phát triển tích cực, nhất là từ khi Việt Nam mở Đại sứ quán tại Thủ đô Caracat tháng 9/2005 và Venezuela mở Đại sứ quán tại Thủ đô Hà Nội tháng 1/2006. Hai nước thường xuyên tăng cường các cuộc tiếp xúc, trao đổi lẫn nhau, trong đó có cả những chuyến thăm của Lãnh đạo cấp cao hai nước. 

Nhân chuyến thăm chính thức Việt Nam của Tổng thống Venezuela H.Chaver. Nổi bật là chuyến thăm Venezuela của Tổng Bí thư Nông Đức Mạnh (5/2007) với tuyên bố cấp cao khẳng định hai bên xây dựng “quan hệ đối tác toàn diện”. Khóa họp lần thứ nhất Ủy Ban liên Chính phủ hai nước tổ chức 8/2008 triển khai thỏa thuận cấp cao hai nước, xác định các lĩnh vực hợp tác, thúc đẩy các dự án cụ thể, nhất là về năng lượng, dầu khí, công nghiệp, nông nghiệp; khuôn khổ pháp lý cho hợp tác song phương từng bước được hoàn thiện.

Với tình hữu nghị hợp tác giữa hai quốc gia Việt nam và Venezuela được ví như là một kim chỉ nam. Do vậy, Chính phủ Việt Nam đã đồng ý về mặt chủ trương cho phép Tập đoàn Dầu khí Quốc gia Việt Nam (PVN)/Tổng công ty Thăm dò Khai thác Dầu khí (PVEP) hợp tác, đầu tư khai thác dầu khí tại Venezuela. Đây là chủ trương đúng đắn của Đảng và Chính phủ trong bối cảnh sản lượng dầu khí ở các mỏ trong nước đang sụt giảm, đặc biệt là mỏ Bạch Hổ. 

Trên cơ sở Chính phủ/Bộ chính trị đồng ý về mặt chủ trương đầu tư khai thác dầu khí tại Venezuela cuối năm 2007. PVN/PVEP đã cử một nhóm cán bộ sang công tác tại Venezuela tìm hiểu cơ hội đầu tư với Tập đoàn Dầu khí PDVSA. Trên tinh thần làm việc hăng say của 2 tổ công tác chung (Integrated team) phía PVN/PVEP đã được phía PDVSA giao tài liệu địa chất của lô Junin 2 để nghiên cứu. Theo các tài liệu địa chất cho thấy rằng tại lô Junin 2 đã có hơn 10 giếng khoan địa chất được khoan và đầu những năm 80 của thế kỷ trước. Trong tất cả các giếng khoan này chỉ có 1 giếng được thử vỉa tại tầng khí, các giếng khoan địa chất còn lại không có mẫu lõi địa chất. Tuy nhiên theo các chuyên gia đầu Ngành về khai thác Dầu khí đã phân tích và cho thấy các giếng khoan địa chất này đều bị ngập nước và tỷ lệ ngập nước cho toàn diện tích mỏ (lô Junin 2) khoảng từ 33-35%. 

Với tình hình dự án còn chứa đựng nhiều yếu tố rủi ro về mặt kỹ thuật (mỏ ngập nước, không xác định được lượng dầu khí tại chỗ, dự án chưa xác định được lượng dầu khí thu hồi thương mại) như trên. PVN/PVEP vẫn đề nghị Chính phủ Việt Nam sang Venezuela chứng kiến lễ ký biên bản ghi nhớ (MOM). Trước khi ký biên bản ghi nhớ, PVN/PVEP đã biết hoa hồng chữ ký là 1USD/trên thùng dầu khai thác thương mại, tương ứng với tổng số tiền hoa hồng chữ ký 584 triệu USD.

Tối 29/6/2010 (giờ địa phương), phòng làm việc thư ký dự án PDVSA tại thủ đô Caracas, sự kiện lễ ký hợp đồng liên doanh đã được tiến hành dưới sự chứng kiến của Phó Thủ tướng Hoàng Trung Hải, nhiều quan chức cấp cao Việt Nam. Mặc dù lễ ký đơn sơ nhưng cũng được phia Việt Nam cũng như các phương tiện truyền thông tại Việt nam  đánh giá như một mốc son trong mối quan hệ quan hệ hợp tác toàn diện giữa hai nước, nhất là về kinh tế, thương mại và năng lượng – dầu khí.

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6 COMMENTS

  1. Creator BioJack Shaw is the senior health and fitness author
    at Modded as properly as a coach and sports fanatic.
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  2. He Is been the Head Coach for Group Canada Powerlifting
    since 2012 and has coached over 4500 makes an attempt in international competitors.

    The other place Band Rows can work nicely is on the finish of a exercise to get an excellent burnout set in to end the day.
    Technically, you should use a bar for Chest Supported Rows as nicely, however the setup is a bit more awkward and works best in case you
    have a companion. Plus, only a easy change of kit can add some a lot wanted
    variety to a workout program. I love Chest Supported Dumbbell Rows as
    an exercise to develop a big, strong again, but generally Chest Supported
    Rows are simply not an possibility.
    Sure, newbies can perform rear delt rows, however
    it’s necessary to begin with a lighter weight and focus on proper type.
    There are some ways to do the rear delt row, and you can do it with dumbbells,
    a barbell, or a cable machine. Compared to the dumbbell row, one finish of the barbell is mounted by a landmine or nook of the rack.
    This permits you to raise extra weight because of how you’re
    positioned next to it.
    Though it might seem like there’s much to retain, these steps will turn out to be instinctive with consistent practice.
    Once you become more adept at again extensions,
    you’ll have the ability to perform them whereas holding a weight
    plate to your chest. This will increase the problem
    and assist you to build additional decrease again strength.
    Once you wrap up your back extensions, you’ve completed your again workout
    routine. Performing bent over rows with the correct kind additionally requires engagement out of
    your core muscular tissues and the muscle tissue in your
    upper legs, together with the quads and hamstrings.
    Nonetheless, these muscle tissue are mostly used as stabilizers throughout bent over rows.
    The lower lats can typically lack power and mass as
    a result of angles only hitting the upper lats
    or poor vary of movement.
    Bear In Mind, probably the most essential muscle to engage while performing again exercise
    is the core. This is essential as many back actions place quite a lot of stress on the lower back and spine,
    so keeping the core absolutely engaged throughout the motion prevents injury from
    occurring. The cable row or different movements such as the one-arm row is classed as “pulling” actions.

    The overwhelming majority of high quality trainers and coaches will implement both “pushing and pulling movements” into
    their shopper routines. Nonetheless, more usually than not, the pushing movements far outnumber
    the pulling.
    Lifters additionally want good hamstring mobility, grip power, and technical ability to do the bent-over barbell row safely and effectively.
    Lifters could seek an alternate exercise to barbell rows
    if they’re managing an injury, engaged on their hamstring
    mobility, have poor grip power, or don’t have access to a barbell.

    Renegade rows are a full-body strengthener and an excellent various to barbell rows.

    By using dumbbells instead of a barbell,
    all sides of the again is engaged independently, helping to right any imbalances
    and improve overall energy. Dumbbells target
    your muscular tissues from different angles than a
    barbell, but you’ll nonetheless get a fantastic again and lat workout.
    Variations like single-arm dumbbell rows allow you to
    stability the energy on your left and proper facet.

    If you’re looking to add variety to your back workout
    routine or if the bent-over row is inflicting discomfort or
    pressure on your decrease back, consider incorporating incline
    dumbbell rows. This exercise offers an effective alternative that targets the upper back muscle tissue,
    promotes overall back growth, and reduces the chance of harm.

    Bear In Mind to at all times begin with a correct warm-up and seek the assistance
    of with a health skilled when you have any concerns or questions.
    Maximize your workout routine with chest-supported dumbbell rows, a dynamic exercise that effectively targets your again muscles.

    If you need to do an at-home version of the cardio rowing exercise with no machine you’ll need resistance bands, a resistance band anchor somewhere low, and
    one thing with wheels to sit down on. Of course, a few of these movements are better for growth if
    carried out in a lower rep vary. That said, they are completely appropriate for maximizing pressure on the
    higher back and middle again. You can carry out this
    row sitting on the ground or a bench, or even upright.

    The T-bar row has many benefits, but one draw back is a scarcity of flexibility in your
    grip. Swapping in different exercises might help you break via
    power plateaus by concentrating on your muscular tissues in numerous ways.
    The Pendlay row is a superb pulling exercise that builds strict strength in your posterior chain.
    Pendlay rows target the muscular tissues of the higher back and allow you to generate most drive.

    Dumbbell rows are a great various to T-bar rows because they aim most of the
    identical muscle groups.
    Pendlay rows are an efficient various to the bent-over row, focusing
    on correct kind and technique to reinforce again power and performance.
    This exercise is identified as after Olympic weightlifting coach Glenn Pendlay and is commonly used by athletes and health enthusiasts to target
    the back muscular tissues. The most common mistake when performing a body row
    is pulling the bar too high up in your chest,
    which may cause your elbows to flare out. General, the problem stage is simple – since it’s a body weight exercise, you get more flexibility when it comes to kind.

    The Bent-over row is a free-weight compound train that targets a
    number of muscle teams.
    When you may be doing single-arm dumbbell rows, make sure to keep away from twisting or “rolling” your
    physique to the aspect in order to transfer the weight.

    By bending your arm at the elbow to tug the weight up, you would possibly be partaking the muscular tissues
    in your mid-back to do the work. Select the workout routines that finest fit your fitness stage and
    targets, and embrace the challenge of building a robust and well-rounded again. The key to performing lat pulldowns correctly is to maintain correct kind and approach.
    Sit with your knees under the pads and grasp the bar with a large overhand grip.

    Seated cable row is among the many most popular cable-based rowing train that strengthens horizontal pulls.

    Moreover, it additionally offers a variety of gripping variations to deliver variety to the coaching.

    The single-arm dumbbell row is a unilateral train that helps
    you individually prepare the simple side.
    If you see a type of names in a program or exercise,
    they’re most probably referring to the same train. Maintain your torso straight – should you lean back, don’t
    lean greater than levels. Therefore, if your legs are
    sore from leg day, it could allow you to perform longer units.

    While each workouts work the back, barbell rows goal the lats, upper back, rear delts and biceps, whereas the deadlift
    hits the decrease back, glutes and hamstrings. Participating within the
    seated cable row train is beneficial for concentrating on your again muscular tissues, notably your lats, whereas
    minimizing the danger of decrease again harm.
    If you like to switch bent over rows with body weight workouts, you’ll have the ability to perform inverted rows (also generally
    known as Australian rows) or TRX rows. These
    workouts have you work by pulling your physique upward whilst you lean again, rather than lifting a weight from the ground.

    This model offers the best lower back support whereas additionally
    allowing for a horizontal row through the complete vary of movement.

    The resistance band seated row uses an inexpensive loop resistance band to simulate a seated cable row.
    With a band, the exercise will get more durable as you pull, offering probably the
    most intense effect at full contraction. Rack pulls are
    a deadlift variation where you carry the bar from the pins of an influence rack.

    Starting with the bar off the floor means less
    low again stress and never so much lower body work.

    Deadlifts won’t look lots like bent-over rows, however they work nearly
    all the similar muscle tissue.
    Rowing in a standing place also brings within the component of steadiness and core activation. You will most likely find
    that you can’t use fairly as much weight in a standing
    place, however you’ll get rid of most of the potential downsides of
    the seated cable row. The positioning of the seated cable row also
    has you in a state of hip flexion throughout the
    exercise. A lot of people have already got hip flexors which are too tight,
    and this train could contribute to that downside.
    If you wish to perform barbell rows, be smart about how
    much weight you use, and when you feel any pain, swap to a dumbbell vacation that’s easy on your back.

    One advantage of lat pulldowns is the flexibility to regulate the resistance
    to go properly with your health degree. By changing the burden or utilizing different
    types of resistance bands, you probably can enhance or lower the challenge, ensuring
    that you simply continue to make progress in your again energy and improvement.
    Each workout has its place in your routine, and there’s rarely a necessity
    to exchange one routine with one other. The bent-over row variations
    will assist with particular muscles that the
    barbell bent-over row could not, and vice versa.
    The Barbell Bent-Over Row is, in spite of everything, a Bent-Over Row variation, and it’s certainly one of
    a number of that lifters can embody in their routines.
    Put the dumbbells on the floor and carry yourself into an upright plank place whereas
    keeping your arms straight above the dumbbells, holding onto
    the bars. Raise one dumbbell at a time and row your arm
    up straight behind your torso.
    According to Pendlay, the exercise bearing his name is nothing greater than a strict barbell
    row, done with a rigid torso that stays more or
    less parallel to the bottom. This makes it extra of a lat-focused exercise than the classic barbell row.
    As a basic rule, it’s a good idea to include some sort of rowing motion whenever
    you prepare your again. Depending on the training program you’re using, that can typically be somewhere between 1 and 3 instances
    per week. The single-arm cable row allows you
    to get extra of a stretch in your lats, in addition to serving to to iron out any
    imbalances that might exist between your left and proper aspect.

    Although they don’t generate the facility or size of standard weights,
    they’re an excellent addition to any back routine, and will assist you to appropriate your form, and humility, in no time.
    The seal row has emerged as a well-liked variation of the row that may serve as a near excellent
    substitute to the cable row. You carry out this mendacity face down on a
    bench, which takes almost all the tension off the decrease again, and maximizes tension on the upper
    again, significantly the traps and rear delts.
    The dumbbell row is a nice way to isolate both sides of
    the back whereas also preserving the load heavy.

    The dumbbell single arm row is an isolateral motion, that means you’ll
    be able to management the range of motion and tension on either facet.

    Additionally generally recognized as the middle delts, this
    deltoid head is labored whenever you lift your upper arm
    out and away to the side of your body, e.g., dumbbell and cable side
    raises. This is doubtless considered one of the few workout routines which can assist work your hip flexors while also loading your
    leg muscles, very related to the rowing machine. Keep your toes pointed out barely whereas performing this transfer for stability
    and don’t try to lift too heavy; the major target is extra on the
    variety of reps, somewhat than the weight. Moreover, on your higher again muscular tissues, renegade rows are a unilateral exercise.

    Stronger people could want to choose a cable machine with something like a D-grip
    handle to realize sufficient resistance.

    References:

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